托福听力题型和关键笔记

一. 主题

1. 老师一般在讲座开头会直接引出，…… today，I will be talking about …… 幸运的开头容易找到主题。
2.有些教授承上启下本节课主题。例如：
last time, we talked about ……today, we will be discussing ……
We’ve been talking about ……today, let’s discuss ……
Continuing ……today, we will ……
3. 听完全文感受最多的部分是主题，开头中间结尾提一次的都不是。
4. 教授讲课刚开始混乱，最后一句话进行总结。通常用So，therefore，thus，引出主题。
5. 文章开始的核心名词，听不懂记缩写。

 

二. 定义

下定义常见信号词：
what I mean is ……
all that means is ……
……which is/ that is ……
in other words ……
……is referred to as ……
……is named/ known/ called ……
重点记定义的名词，专有名词可以写缩写，最重要是听懂定义。

 

三. 举例

例子符号用e标示，一般记例子的概述，对比，强调，排比。还有例子前面的论点一定要记上，如果没听到，等例子完了，教授一般还会总结一句话，听懂为主。
例子信号词：
for instance, such as ……, namely ……

as an example, take example for

say, consider, take

 

四. 强调

细节题一般都是强调的信号词引出的，刚开始练习会反应不过来，但是专项练习后就会有提高，反应速度会变快，以下是强调类型和信号词：

1. 重复，停顿，重读

2. 特殊词强调

especially, indeed, certainly

first, origin, beside, finally, in time, eventually

interesting, important, fascinating, exciting

symbol, signification, sign, signify, association

problem, disadvantage, drawback

vary, change, shift

just remember, point, and again

special feature

one thing I should mention

make/ be sure to ……
3. 比较和最高级，more, better, most, maximum, least, minimum ……
4. 问答。文章出现问题，重点是听清楚答案。
5. 否定信息。母语不是英语的人很容易听不出文中是肯定还是否定，肯定句一般强调实词，否定句一般虚词重读。
例如：

birds can sing. 重音在sing

birds can’t sing. 重音在can’t

6. 特征: feature, character, characteristic, trait

7. 目的: purpose, aim, want to, goal, objective

8. 研究，理论，调查，定律等：research, theory, survey, law, hypothesis, observation, experiment, assumption, evidence, idea, principle等，这些词汇要提前写好缩写。

 

五. 对比

1. 我们不能混淆A和B

we should not confuse A and B.

2. A和B是不同的

A is different from B.

3. 首先我们区分一下A和B

First, let’s make a clear distinction between A and B.
类似的信号词有：
compare to, contrast, unlike, similar to, in contrast to, differently, differ, alike, resemble, on the other hand, instead, likewise, in the same way, etc.

 

六. 列举

列举一般是讲述事情的分类，列举一般都会有考点，重点考察分类的细节，记一些关键名词。
There are many types of vocalizations ……We’ve characterized vocalizations into three types: whistles, cliques and burst pulses.
We gather data in a variety of ways: descriptive, experimental and observational.
一般重点都会在名词分类上。

 

七. 因果

信号词原因：because, because of, due to, since, as, for, the reason is, that’s why, owing to

信号词结果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, hereby, thus, as a result, consequently, hence, accordingly

在因果信号词后面记下原因内容或结果论述。

 

八. 转折

转折信号词：but, however, nevertheless, while, yet, unless, except for, actually, in fact, to tell you the truth, practically, virtually, as a matter of fact.
转折词后面的内容是否重要，也需要根据上下文的对应，转折后倾向有细节题。

 

九. 过程

考试难点，出题频率低。一般历史，地质，气象学，艺术类的文章喜欢出过程题，需要认真记好排序的笔记才能准确答题。
过程词汇：development, formation, process, procedure, method, approach, evolution.
排序词汇：first, second, third, then. 注意先听动词，重点记名词。例如：bacteria eats the oil可以记做bac===>oil.

 

十. 结论

结论信号词：conclusion, summarize, make a summary, in brief, in short, in a word, in a conclusion, finally, all in all, to sum up.
有时候结尾教授会给一个要点总结，一个评价或者一个未来的展望，即便你文章中间没听懂，听懂最后一个信息点，也能至少答对一个题目。